AAB Molecular Diagnostics Practice Test

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• What describes loss of function mutations in the context of cancer?
• Laboratory Developed Tests must include what type of disclaimer text?
• In nucleic acid biochemistry, what does ligase activity refer to?
• What is the role of the promoter in transcription?
• Which statement accurately defines an intron?
• What does IUO stand for in reagent selection context?
• What type of disorders are caused by mutations in lysosomal enzymes?
• In STR PCR, what result suggests failed incorporation of engraftment?
• Which of the following is NOT a possible reason for false negative PCR results?
• What defines the role of primase in DNA replication?
• What treatment is applied to a denatured gel to break DNA hydrogen bonds?
• What is the purpose of nucleotide excision repair?
• Which molecule serves as a primary transcript in eukaryotes?
• Which component is NOT typically acceptable for molecular diagnostics blood collection?
• What molecule is added to the 5' end of eukaryotic RNA transcripts?
• In liquid phase hybridization, what is the relationship between the sample and probe?
• Short Interspersed Nucleotide Sequences (SINES) are how large on average?
• Between which phosphate groups is the linkage that connects the GTP molecule to the RNA chain in the 5' cap?
• What is the first step in the FISH protocol?
• Why is understanding the methylation status of DNA important in diagnostics?
• How can Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) be identified?
• What is the average rate of mammalian DNA replication?
• What is the increased risk for myocardial infarction in heterozygous C282Y carriers?
• What is the key characteristic of DNA fragmentation in Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing?
• During which step of the Southern Blot process is the gel transferred to a nylon membrane?
• Which type of genetic mutation is primarily discussed in relation to hereditary hemochromatosis?
• What type of methylation occurs throughout the life of a cell?
• What is included in a hybridization cocktail to promote nucleic acid interaction?
• What process provides the energy necessary for the addition of nucleotides to a growing DNA chain during replication?
• What type of DNA does recBC nuclease degrade?
• What are PCR products combined with for accurate analysis?
• What is one of the primary roles of catalytic RNA?
• What is reverse transcriptase primarily associated with?
• What type of DNA damage does nucleotide excision repair primarily fix?
• Which quality is not desirable in an ideal PCR primer?
• Which of the following bases are classified as purines?
• What is true about multifactorial diseases?
• Where does a tRNA with the correct complementary anti-codon bind?
• Which phase of DNA replication is characterized by the formation of the replisome?
• What type of enzymes are exonucleases?
• What is a nucleosome composed of?
• What type of bond is formed by complementary base pairing in DNA?
• Which of the following diseases is an example of multifactorial disease?
• Which mutation occurs in 80-85% of most hemochromatosis cases?
• Which type of mutation does not alter the resulting amino acid sequence?
• In X-linked diseases, who are most likely to be unaffected carriers?
• What type of gel is typically used for Southern Blot analysis?
• What is the potential impact of an unbalanced reciprocal translocation?
• During which phase of DNA replication does helicase unwind the DNA?
• In Fragile X syndrome, which gene shows hypermethylation leading to gene silencing?
• What is the characteristic structure of catalytic RNA?
• Mismatches during DNA replication are typically resolved by which mechanism?
• What is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
• What type of inheritance is characterized by the involvement of multiple genes?
• Which technique is used for engraftment testing following bone marrow transplantation?
• Which of the following characteristics does NOT define a tRNA molecule?
• What does a duplicated chromosome consist of?
• What is the nature of DNA replication described in the text?
• Which mutation is found in 8% of cases without either C282Y or H63D mutations?
• What kind of controls ensure that results are accurate within the detectability range?
• What is the recommended hybridization temperature relative to the probe Tm?
• In relation to hybridization, how sensitive are short probes compared to long probes?
• Becker muscular dystrophy is an example of which type of genetic mutation?
• Which process is directly facilitated by complementary base pairing during DNA translation?
• What does a negative template control utilize?
• What is a possible health effect for heterozygous C282Y individuals compared to non-carriers?
• Which subunit of RNA polymerase holoenzyme is primarily responsible for promoter recognition?
• What is the primary function of topoisomerases?
• What are internal size standards used for in PCR analysis?
• Which feature is indicative of a prokaryotic promoter structure?
• In X-linked recessive disorders, which statement is true regarding males?
• What role do non-coding DNA sequences such as introns play in mRNA processing?
• Which RNA type is most directly influenced by the presence of exons in its sequence?
• What range of repeat sizes in the FMR1 gene indicates a full mutation associated with Fragile X syndrome?
• Which testing method is associated with detecting single base changes in DNA?
• What sequence is typically found at the 3' end of a tRNA molecule?
• Which mutation in hematochromatosis cases does not correlate with increased iron accumulation?
• Which of the following is a type of mutation associated with cancer?
• Which strand of DNA is synthesized continuously?
• What is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in the cell?
• Which of the following is an example of an X-linked recessive inheritance condition?
• What is an example of a method used in Sequence-Specific PCR (SSP-PCR)?
• What type of mutation is characterized by a change that does not alter the amino acid sequence?
• What is the primary role of DNA methyltransferases?
• The OD260=1.0 corresponds to how many micrograms per milliliter of double-stranded DNA?
• Which of the following statements about DNA structure is true?
• How do mutations in lysosomal enzymes manifest in patients?
• What is the role of positive controls in molecular assays?
• What are patients with Fragile X syndrome likely to exhibit in terms of genetic mutations?
• Base excision repair primarily addresses what kind of DNA alterations?
• What structure is formed when a tRNA molecule is properly charged with its corresponding amino acid?
• High formamide concentrations are associated with which type of stringency?
• What is an outcome of failure in engraftment testing?
• Which syndrome is an example of an imprinting disorder?
• How does the range of 41-59 repeat sizes in the FMR1 gene classify?
• In terms of maternal and paternal contributions, what does "maternal disomy" indicate?
• Which type of probe in FISH is used to identify specific regions of chromosomes?
• What is the most common cause of inherited mental retardation?
• What does Stokes Law describe in the context of electrophoresis?
• What type of mutation changes the reading frame of an RNA molecule?
• What is an example of a missense mutation?
• What is one of the main actions helicases perform on DNA?
• Which example best represents an open system in molecular diagnostics?
• Loss of mismatch repair gene function in Lynch Syndrome affects what process?
• How do the large and small subunits of a ribosome come together during translation?
• What is the primary function of small activating RNA (saRNA)?
• What is a reagent blank/contamination control used for?
• Which type of inversion includes the centromere within the inverted region?
• What type of mutation is associated with gain of function in cancer?
• What distinguishes purines from pyrimidines in nucleic acids?
• What is RNA transcription primarily responsible for?
• High stringency in nucleic acid hybridization is characterized by which of the following conditions?
• What is the key outcome of using oligo dT primers in RT-PCR?
• What type of DNA damage is a characteristic of oxidative stress?
• During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands?
• Individuals with the H63D mutation typically have what relationship with the C282Y mutation frequency?
• What is the first step of the Southern Blot process?
• What type of information about DNA does bisulfite conversion provide regarding methylation status?
• What is the main effect of bisulfite conversion in methylation analysis?
• Which of the following processes is a characteristic of a closed system laboratory?
• Which of the following best describes the method for visualizing fragments in Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing?
• What is the significance of the hydroxyl group on the third carbon of ribose?
• What energy source do helicases primarily utilize in their function?
• How do RNA and DNA polymerases contribute to nucleic acid synthesis?
• What is the primary function of the nylon membrane in the Southern Blot process?
• What type of bond is formed between a phosphate group and ribose sugar in RNA?
• Which statement best defines Semi-Nested PCR?
• What is the primary role of ribozymes in cellular processes?
• What does a large amount of DNA at the bottom of a Southern Blot gel suggest?
• What is the sequence of the -10 region of prokaryotic promoters?
• What does DNase I primarily target for digestion?
• Which of the following is NOT a type of identity testing for genetic disorders?
• Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of eukaryotic DNA transcription?
• What occurs during the exponential phase of classical PCR?
• What is one requirement of Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH)?
• What can result from cystic fibrosis due to its genetic inheritance pattern?
• How does bisulfite conversion affect methylated cytosine residues?
• What component of nucleotides varies among different types of nucleic acids?
• What is a significant advantage of using long probes in DNA hybridization?
• What is the primary function of heterochromatins in relation to protein access?
• What resolution is achieved by the changes introduced in DNA sequences during bisulfite conversion?
• Where do DNA methyltransferases mainly function?
• Which characteristic is essential for an ideal primer in PCR?
• What is added to the 3' end of mRNA to enhance stability?
• What is the main sequence of the central dogma of molecular biology?
• What do first round primers in Nested/Semi-Nested PCR aim to target?
• What is the primary advantage of labeling ddNTPs in Sanger Sequencing?
• Errors in DNA replication are more likely to occur in which region during cell division?
• Internal complementary and high GC content can interfere with which performance aspect?
• What role does gyrase play during DNA replication?
• What percentage of the genome is made up by Long Interspersed Nucleotide Sequences (LINES)?
• When calculating the melting temperature (Tm) of a short probe, which formula is used?
• What is the rate of mutation per round of DNA replication?
• What is the purpose of hybrid capture in signal amplification?
• What is the definition of an exon in the context of mRNA?
• What molecular abnormality is primarily responsible for Fragile X syndrome?
• What is the function of oncogenes in cancer?
• What distinguishes restriction endonucleases from other nucleases?
• Which type of reagents are used for research purposes only?
• Which of the following describes a trans-acting element?
• What defines a codon in the context of genetics?
• What do allelic ladders represent?
• Which is NOT a characteristic of membrane-bound SSP-PCR?
• Which enzymes are involved in restoring the correct sequence during mismatch repair?
• What indicates completely incorporated engraftment in STR PCR?
• What is the main material used to create agarose gels?
• What is the main function of micrococcal nuclease?
• What is the primary function of small nuclear RNA (snRNA)?
• What is the primary consequence of the C282Y mutation related to iron accumulation?
• What is the purpose of stringency in nucleic acid hybridization?
• What differentiates RNA from DNA in the context of Northern Blotting?
• How many types of point mutations are there according to standard classification?
• Exonuclease III degrades which of the following?
• How many pairs of autosomes are found in a human cell?
• What does the threshold cycle (CT) in classical PCR indicate?
• Which type of nuclease digests nucleic acids from the middle of the molecule?
• What is the ideal spacing between the -10 and -35 regions of a prokaryotic promoter?
• What does the start codon for eukaryotes specify?
• What is a characteristic of closed systems in laboratory testing?
• What condition is diagnosed for Homozygous C282Y individuals?
• Which of the following is NOT a component that might be included in a hybridization cocktail?
• What type of RNA is known for regulating transcription?
• What causes cancer according to molecular diagnostics?
• What happens to the duplex structures under high stringency conditions?
• What is the purpose of the alpha satellite probe in FISH?
• What does QA for surgical pathology aim to identify?
• Which repair mechanism is utilized to correct small, non-helix-deforming adducts?
• Which of the following is NOT a stop codon?
• What is the primary mechanism involved in imprinting disorders?
• Which of the following is a characteristic of an open system?
• What type of inheritance pattern is associated with Fragile X syndrome?
• A ratio greater than 2 in OD260/OD280 suggests what type of contamination?
• What type of bond is critical for the stability of nucleic acid structures?
• What is NOT a requirement for Sanger Sequencing?
• What is the function of the second probe in the FISH technique?
• What type of strands are involved in the elongation process of DNA replication?
• What is the result of the probes binding with the invader probe in cleavage-based signal amplification?
• What do enhancers typically contain to affect gene expression?
• What is the main function of mismatch repair?
• What does exonuclease activity typically involve?
• What does post-transplant STR PCR analysis determine?
• What initial input is used in Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR)?
• What is the process by which nucleic acid grows?
• What happens during the process of transcription in the central dogma?
• Which of the following mutations would cause a premature stop codon?
• How is a depurinated gel treated?
• What outcome does the denaturation process aim to achieve in PCR?
• How many reactions may be performed in a setup for RT-PCR?
• Which codon is not recognized by a tRNA molecule?
• At what wavelength does maximum nucleic acid absorption occur?
• What role does De Novo methylation play?
• Which of the following best describes the impact of point mutations on short probes?
• What structural change in DNA is primarily repaired by nucleotide excision repair?
• What does an OD260/OD280 ratio of 1.8 to 2.0 indicate about nucleic acid quality?
• In FISH, what is the key feature of a painting probe?
• What indicates mixed chimerism in STR PCR analysis?
• Which method allows for the observation of DNA of interest in the Southern Blot process?
• What is the enzyme responsible for the attachment of amino acids to tRNA molecules?
• How does DNA sequence size affect the interpretation of PCR results?
• What is a defining feature of Mendelian genetics?
• Which enzyme is primarily responsible for degrading single-stranded DNA from either end?
• Which of the following best describes the characteristic repeat sequence associated with Fragile X syndrome?
• Which type of gel is suitable for fragments smaller than 1,000 base pairs?
• Autosomal recessive disorders are expressed in what percentage of offspring from two heterozygous parents?
• What type of control monitors specific steps of an amplification method?
• What distinguishes dye-terminator Sanger Sequencing from the traditional method?
• What type of probes are involved in hybridization?
• What is the role of DNA ligase in molecular biology?
• How many possible codons exist in the genetic code?
• Which type of inheritance requires only one affected X chromosome for the disease to manifest?
• Which of the following is part of DNA-based HLA typing?
• What causes microsatellite instability in Lynch Syndrome?
• Which base is not present in RNA?
• What must a laboratory demonstrate for tests that are not FDA approved?
• What is the method used for clinical testing of Fragile X syndrome?
• What distinguishes second round primers in Nested/Semi-Nested PCR?
• At which position on the ribose ring is the base group attached to the nitrogen base group?
• What is a key consideration when interpreting PCR results in engraftment tests?
• Which of the following represents an example of an X-linked dominant disorder?
• Which type of blood collection tube commonly used for molecular diagnostics contains EDTA?
• What is a characteristic of the elongation phase during DNA replication?
• How many hydrogen bonds are formed between an A:T base pair?
• What is the function of Exonuclease I?
• What does "Pyro" in Pyrosequencing refer to?
• What is the primary screening method used to confirm a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF)?
• What substrate does S1 nuclease act upon?
• What is the function of the CAAT box in gene transcription?
• What characterizes random hexamers used in RT-PCR?
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy is characterized by which type of mutation?
• Which type of translocation involves the centromere of another chromosome?
• Which of the following best describes the role of DNA polymerase?
• What defines primary resistance mutations in HIV?
• What is the primary substrate used in Pyrosequencing for signal detection?
• What happens during the termination phase of DNA replication?
• What do sensitivity controls in quantitative assays ensure?
• What type of bond links the nitrogen base and the ribose sugar in a nucleotide?
• What proteins catalyze the release of the peptide chain during translation termination?
• What mutation occurs in 89% of hemochromatosis cases in the absence of C282Y mutation?
• What is a defining feature of the behavior of X-linked dominant disorders in terms of male inheritance?
• Which statement best describes how PCR data is commonly visualized?
• DNA damage can be caused by all of the following except:
• Which RNA type is primarily involved in the synthesis of proteins?
• During which phase of PCR do primers bind to the DNA template?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of point mutations?
• What is the main activity associated with Mung Bean nuclease?
• What is a common use of biotin in hybridization labeling?
• Which of the following is a characteristic of short probes?
• What is observed on a graph when target copy number is plotted against the number of PCR cycles?
• What does the annealing step in PCR involve?
• What is the optimal combination for crude lysis in DNA extraction?
• What is one of the most common genetic disorders with an incidence of 1 in 200-400?
• How do small RNA molecules, like siRNA and saRNA, function in gene regulation?
• What does the term "floaters" refer to in surgical pathology QA?
• What is the most energetically favorable state for DNA?
• Microsatellites consist of which types of nucleotide repeats?
• Which method is used in conjunction with cytology for HPV detection?
• What best describes the analysis of amplicon products in Endpoint PCR?
• What is heterogeneous nuclear RNA primarily composed of?
• Which molecule is primarily responsible for carrying genetic information during the translation process?
• What is a key characteristic of balanced reciprocal translocation?
• What major type of RNA acts as a template during protein synthesis?
• What type of primers only amplifies RNA with a specific sequence during RT-PCR?
• Which type of enzyme is classified as an endonuclease?
• How many copies of SINES are typically found in a human genome?
• The 5' capping process in RNA creates which type of bond?
• Which primers in RT-PCR are specifically designed to amplify mRNA with polyA tails?
• What distinguishes Exonuclease VII from other exonucleases?
• What is the approximate temperature range for the extension phase in PCR?
• What type of leukemia is associated with a translocation feature?
• What is the role of linker histone H1 in the nucleosome structure?
• What kind of mutations reduce susceptibility to specific drugs in HIV?
• What does cleavage enzyme recognize during signal amplification in FISH?
• Which molecules are classified as pyrimidines?
• Which of the following is a common circumstance for using heparin in blood collection?
• What happens during the denaturation step of PCR?
• What is the primary function of ribosomes in protein synthesis?
• What does ASR stand for in the context of reagent selection?
• What type of chromosomes are responsible for genetic traits linked to gender?
• In the context of nucleic acids, the term "phosphodiester bond" refers to:
• What role does PCR play in molecular diagnostics?
• What is the primary purpose of the denaturation step in PCR?
• What is typically the effect of low temperature on the hybridization stability of probes?
• What is the primary role of the TATA box within gene regulation?
• Which of the following components is not involved in the splicing reaction of RNA?
• In the context of RT-PCR, what is synthesized from mRNA?
• Which of the following describes an example of a closed system?
• Which of the following is NOT a type of DNA repair mechanism?
• What is the purpose of genotyping in HCV detection?
• Which of the following best describes the function of target-specific primers during RT-PCR?
• How is the lagging strand synthesized during DNA replication?
• What is the significance of Alu elements in genetic testing?
• Which enzyme is responsible for producing light in the Pyrosequencing process?
• To what does the term “hybridization cocktail” refer?
• How many pairs of sex chromosomes are present in a human cell?
• What action do nucleases perform on nucleic acid molecules?
• What is the purpose of FRET probes in the context of FISH?
• What does ATG signify in genetic transcription?
• What enables transcription factors to activate genes easily in euchromatin?
• What is the primary role of transfer RNA (tRNA) during translation?
• How many cystic fibrosis (CF) multiple mutations have been observed?
• What inheritance pattern is associated with Hemochromatosis?
• Which of the following sequences is not characteristic of a eukaryotic polymerase II promoter?
• What is the role of secondary resistance mutations in HIV?
• What process do nucleases contribute to in molecular biology?
• Which radioactive label is commonly used in hybridization techniques?
• When does an analyte run through a gel matrix at constant velocity, according to Stokes Law?
• STR analysis is particularly useful in which of the following?
• In PCR, what is a potential issue with having low specific binding at the 3' end of a primer?
• How do exonucleases function in nucleic acid digestion?
• Which of the following is an example of a lysosomal storage disorder?
• Which type of microarray is most commonly associated with cDNA?
• What is the significance of monitoring for reagent contamination in assays?
• What type of DNA damage can direct repair fix?
• What do loss of function mutations primarily affect in proteins?
• Which DNA repair mechanism specifically addresses mispaired bases in DNA?
• Which type of DNA repair is responsible for fixing double-strand breaks?
• What is the significance of amplifying products of previous rounds in Nested PCR?
• Which of the following is characteristic of dot/blot hybridization?
• What enzyme is required to join gaps between fragments on the lagging strand?
• What type of DNA damage does double-strand break repair primarily deal with?
• What is the purpose of linkage analysis in molecular diagnostics?
• What are cis-regulatory elements (CREs) primarily responsible for?
• How many subunits do eukaryotic ribosomes contain?
• What are short tandem repeats (STRs)?
• What condition typically indicates protein contamination in nucleic acid samples?
• What is the role of tumor suppressor genes?
• Which population is particularly noted for having higher prevalence of CF mutations?
• What does microsatellite instability indicate?
• What type of element is the TATA box?
• In the extension phase of PCR, what is synthesized?
• What is the role of genomic imprinting in uniparental disomy disorders?
• What can lead to a differential expression of alleles in imprinting disorders?
• What is the primary function of the polyA tail in eukaryotic mRNA?
• What is an anti-codon?
• What primarily distinguishes introns from exons in the context of gene expression?
• What are synonyms in the context of codons?
• What is one aspect that can cause a false negative result during PCR?
• What does a large amount of DNA at the top of a Southern Blot gel indicate?
• What characterizes euchromatin in terms of its structure?
• What is the primary function of siRNA in molecular biology?
• What is considered an uncommon bond acceptor in molecular interactions?
• Which exonuclease acts on both ends of single-stranded DNA?
• What can be inferred about the prevalence of the DeltaF508 mutation among CF patients?
• Which type of gel is suitable for fragments in the range of 200-20,000 base pairs?
• Which of the following disorders is associated with amplification of a trinucleotide repeat?
• What type of hybridization uses a nitrocellulose or nylon membrane to immobilize multiple samples?
• What is the process of translation in molecular biology?
• What is required to effectively detect Human Papillomavirus (HPV)?
• What is a common function of RNA polymerases during transcription?
• What links codons and anti-codons together during DNA translation?
• What labeling method is NOT used in hybridization?
• What type of chromosome spreads are needed for FISH analysis?
• What type of RNA carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome?
• In a Reverse Dot Blot, what is the main purpose of the test sample?
• According to the wobble hypothesis, a U in the 5' position of the anticodon can pair with which of the following?
• Which of the following is a characteristic of uniparental disomy (UPD)?
• What is assessed in pre-transplant engraftment testing?
• What is a common feature of diseases caused by frameshift mutations?
• What type of sequences are Long Interspersed Nucleotide Sequences classified as?
• What main component is required for performing the macroarray technique?
• What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?
• Which condition favors shielding of hydrophobic bases in low stringency?
• What are small interfering RNA (siRNA) primarily involved in?
• Which of the following processes occurs during RNA processing?
• What is the condition resulting from Hemochromatosis?
• Which populations have an estimated prevalence of CF mutations lower than the non-Hispanic Caucasian population?
• What signals the termination of transcription?
• How do trans-acting elements affect gene expression?
• During hybrid capture, how are RNA:DNA hybrids identified?
• What is the primary function of amplification controls in PCR testing?
• What is the purpose of using two sets of primers in Nested/Semi-Nested PCR?
• In X-linked dominant conditions, which statement holds true regarding inheritance?
• Which of the following is an example of an autosomal recessive disorder?
• Which hybridization condition allows high base pair mismatching in a duplex structure?
• Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) consist of repeated DNA sequences of what length?
• What is the characteristic of the melt allele in classical PCR?
• Which components are essential for conducting Pyrosequencing?
• What is the primary feature of the structure of nucleosomes?
• What genetic disorder is an example of a point mutation?
• Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of X-linked recessive inheritance?
• Where is the GC box typically located in relation to the transcription initiation site?
• Which of the following is not a source of DNA damage?
• What role does messenger RNA (mRNA) play in the cell?
• What characterizes solid-support hybridization?
• Which two environments are involved in solid-support hybridization?
• What characterizes dual-color probes used in FISH?
• Which technique is commonly used for DNA extraction?
• Which of the following statements is true regarding Prader-Willi syndrome?
• What characterizes a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)?
• What is a key characteristic of exonucleases compared to endonucleases?
• Which method is NOT used for DNA-based HLA typing?
• What best describes a paracentric inversion?
• What is the primary testing platform for monitoring response to antiviral therapy for HCV?
• What does spectrometry measure in relation to nucleic acids?
• What is the end product of the reactions involved in lysosomal storage disorders?
• How are STR alleles identified?
• What is the purpose of verification in laboratory testing?
• What is the primary effect of loss of function mutations in cancer?
• What is the function of mismatch repair in DNA maintenance?
• What is the role of a laboratory director in the context of test validation?
• What is the most common CF mutation found in Caucasians of Northern European descent?
• Hemochromatosis is primarily caused by a mutation in which gene?
• What is direct repair in the context of DNA repair?
• When validating a test, which aspect must be confirmed?
• Individuals with heterozygous C282Y/H63D and C282Y/S65T mutations may have what risk associated with hemochromatosis?
• What is a characteristic of X-linked diseases?
• What method is used for isolating DNA that employs a chelating resin?
• Which enzyme is responsible for removing RNA-DNA hybrids during lagging strand synthesis?